Friday, 19 November 2021
Greetings
Crete 10.00
Madrid 09.00
Lisbon 08.00
Dimitris Mylonakis, Deputy Rector of Planning, Administrative Affairs and Student Welfare, Professor of Economics, University of Crete
Ana Mónica Fonseca, Center for International Studies, ISCTE-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa
Konstantinos Tsoukalas, Emeritus Professor, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Alexis Kalokerinos, Chairperson of The Society of Cretan Historical Studies / Historical Museum of Crete (SCHS/HMC, FYM partner), Professor of General Linguistics, Department of Philology, University of Crete
Nikos Papadakis, Deputy Director, UCRC, Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Crete
Maria Kousis, Director, UCRC, Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Crete
Keynote Speech
Crete 11.00
Madrid 10.00
Lisbon 09.00
Kostis Kornetis - “Between Marat and Sade”: Rethinking Student Protest in the Authoritarian context of the European South
This talk aims to discuss the main ideological and (counter) cultural characteristics of the Greek, Spanish and Portuguese student mobilisations against the respective dictatorships during the so-called Long Sixties. It highlights their affinities, as well as their relation to the simultaneous protest waves taking place in Western Europe and the US around 1968. The paper will demonstrate that in these three cases similar governmental measures by the authoritarian regimes prompted comparable reactions by movements from below. At the same time, it will aim to highlight how the intellectual stimuli coming from the international 1968, including the transnational diffusion of revolutionary cultural manifestations, shaped an anti-regime protest culture with shared characteristics in Greece, Spain and Portugal. Lastly, the talk will focus on the differences and mainly on the absence of a culminating event in Spain and Portugal of the calibre of the Polytechnic uprising in Greece, which subsequently affected the culture of protest and the commemoration of events in the post-dictatorship years.
Kostis Kornetis teaches contemporary history at the Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM). He has taught at Brown, New York University, and the University of Sheffield, and was CONEX-Marie Curie Experienced Fellow at Carlos III, Madrid, and Santander Fellow in Iberian Studies at St Antony’s College, Oxford. He is the author of Children of the Dictatorship. Student Resistance, Cultural Politics and the ‘long 1960s’ in Greece (Berghahn Books, 2013) and co-editor of Metapolitefsi (Themelio, 2015), Consumption and Gender in Southern Europe since the “Long 1960s” (Bloomsbury, 2016) and Rethinking Democratisation in Spain, Greece and Portugal (Palgrave Macmillan, 2019). He is currently writing a book on the generational memory of the transitions to democracy in Southern Europe (OUP, forthcoming 2022).
Panel 1
Crete 12.00
Madrid 11.00
Lisbon 10.00
Cinema, Documentary and Resistance against the dictatorship
Chair. Anastasia Natsina
Anastasia Natsina is Assistant Professor of Modern Greek Literature and Director of the Research Lab for Literary Genres and the History of Literature at the University of Crete. Her research interests and publications center mainly on Modern Greek fiction from the end of 19th century up to the present day. More recently, she is interested in the use of digital methods for the study of the history of literature as well as Ecocriticism.
Eliza-Anna Delveroudi, “From Athens to Paris: Greek Filmmakers resisting the dictatorship”
In this overview I will briefly present a scheme that I have come up with through my broader research on the role of the young generation of Greek filmmakers during the 1967-1974 dictatorship. I will follow them in two cities, Athens and Paris. I will refer to artists, films and ways of resistance; to the climate that had been formed before the dictatorship, and that encouraged new voices to enter the scene; to the changes imposed after the 21st of April, the severe censorship, and the physical hardships of these filmmakers, just to mention two examples, by arrests, imprisonments, exiles, trials and torture. Some of them escaped abroad, namely in Paris, and participated in the resistance, which aimed to encourage the democrats in Greece, to raise the awareness of the Europeans, to unveil the real image instead of the idyllic one that the regime intended to create for itself.
Professor Eliza-Anna Delveroudi is a Greek Cinema and Theatre historian. She has published widely on film and theatre history, early and silent cinema, film press and criticism, politics in Greek theatre and film comedy, young people in Greek film comedy, antiquity on film, stardom in Greek theatre and cinema, school on screen, Greek women filmmakers. She has been teaching at the University of Crete, the Athens School of Fine Arts, and has worked as an appointed researcher at the National Foundation of Research.
Panayiota Mini, “Capturing and Reenacting the 1973 Polytechnic uprising on film: Albert Coerant’s and Dimitris Makris’s documentaries”
From 14 to 17 November 1973, Albert Coerant – the Belgian and Dutch TV correspondent in Athens at the time –and his crew clandestinely filmed the students’ uprising (the Athens Polytechnic Uprising) against the junta; the documentary that Coerant made out of this material constitutes one of the rare visual evidence of the November 1973 events. Soon after Coerant’s work, Dimitris Makris, a young Greek filmmaker then studying in Italy, reenacted the Polytechnic events in his docudrama Edo Polytechneio (Here is the Polytechnic). Italian students and artists contributed to the making of Makris’s film, the Italian anti-fascist politician Umberto Terracini was the narrator in the Italian version of it, and Alekos Panagoulis—a symbolic figure of the fight against the Greek junta—was the narrator in the Greek version. This presentation will examine these two significant films about the Polytechnic Uprising, paying attention to their contribution to documenting and interpreting the 1973 students’revolt.
Panayiota Mini holds two MAs in film studies (University of Crete; University of Wisconsin-Madison), and a Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin-Madison (Ph.D. thesis: “Pudovkin’s Cinema of the 1920s”). Her research interests and publications concern Greek cinema, Soviet and East European cinema, Nikos Kazantzakis’s screenplays, film and ideology, film adaptation and film style and narration. Her monograph on the Greek filmmaker Takis Kanellopoulos has been published by the National Bank Cultural Foundation (MIET), and she has co-edited two collective volumes.
Nadia Fragkouli, “Literature, cinema and youth culture during the 1960s and 1970s in Greece: an approach of cinematic references in Greek prose texts as a form of literary resistance”
Modern Greek prose texts published during the 1960s and 1970s often criticize the oppression of the state, or that of family, especially in the lives of young individuals. They bring forth demands that seem to draw from the rise of youth movements worldwide. In my presentation I will discuss the interplay of Greek prose texts with cinema, and the paradigm of the New Waves (in France, Great Britain, USSR, etc). The intermedial discussion of literary excerpts will show that cinematic references are employed in these texts as a way to build effective implications, that evaded the various forms of censorship. Finally, my presentation will pose the question of the interrelation between literature, cinema, youth culture and youth activism during this period.
I acquired my PhD at the Philology Department of the University of Athens. My thesis concerns the cinematic references found in a wide variety of Greek prose texts published during the second half of the twentieth century. My research interests include interartiality / intermediality, cinematic references in literature, Greek contemporary literature. I worked as a research associate in research projects that aimed to outline the reception of cinema in the Greek literary field during the 20th century. In October 2020 I started working as a teaching associate at the Philology Department of the University of Athens.
Break
Panel 2
Crete 13.15
Madrid 12.15
Lisbon 11.15
Literature, resistance against the dictatorship, historical fiction and teaching in the dictatorship
Chair. Nikos Papadakis
Professor and Director of the Centre for Political Research and Documentation (KEPET) at the Department of Political Science of the University of Crete. He is a Distinguished Visiting Professor at the Academy of Globalization and Education Policy (AGEP) of the Zhengzhou University (ZZU), China. Further, he is the Deputy Director of the UCRC, namely the University of Crete Research Center for the Humanities, the Social and Education Sciences, while he is a Member of the Scientific Board of the National Centre of Public Administration and Local Government (EKDDA) of Greece. He has 170 publications, in Greek, English, French and Chinese. He is the author of 11 books- monographs, in Greek and English, while he has edited 10 books.
Anastasia Natsina, "The pent-up spirit of anti-junta resistance in the first years of the Metapolitefsi: Recent research in the fields of literature and cultural history"
This paper presents recent research on the literature and cultural history of the first years of the Metapolitefsi (1974- 1981). The pent-up spirit of anti-junta resistance found cultural expression in the literary works of the younger generation, children’s literature and the cinema, releasing a repressed energy and the liberal spirit that had been put on hold during the dictatorship. Drawing from the recent publication in Greek of the work of I. Dimitrkakis and A. Natsina (eds), Metapolitefsi 1974-1981: Literature and Cultural History (2021), this paper summarizes the major research findings that are of interest to the conference, for the benefit of the English-speaking audience.
Anastasia Natsina is Assistant Professor of Modern Greek Literature and Director of the Research Lab for Literary Genres and the History of Literature at the University of Cree. Her research interests and publications center mainly on Modern Greek fiction from the end of 19th century up to the present day. More recently, she is interested in the use of digital methods for the study of the history of literature as well as Ecocriticism.
Alexandra Zervou & Vassiliki Vassiloudi, "The Greek Junta and historical fiction for children at the crossroads of political education and historical memory"
Historical culture is the product of complex interaction between historiography, school history and popular history (Carretero, 2017). Historical fiction for young readers constitutes part of this culture; such fiction explores sensitive issues which in the past were considered taboo in history (Le Goff 1990). Based on a corpus of books for children and the young, published in the aftermath of the restoration of democracy till to date, we look into the narrative devices employed for the literary representation of the seven-year dictatorship in Greece (e.g., allegory, humour, remembrance writing). This kind of fiction raises complex questions: to what extent does pedagogical censorship intervene in the presentation of contemporary history? And, as a consequence, what is the political attitude dictated as part of the wider politicization implicitly targeted at young readers?
Alexandra Zervou, Professor of Classical Philology and Children’s Literature, Department of Primary Education, University of Crete. She worked for the establishment of the first interdepartmental Master’s in Children’s Books at the University of the Aegean, Greece and served as its coordinator for a decade. She also collaborated with Professor J. Perrot as a co-founder of the International Research Centre Charles Perrault. She published numerous studies in French, English, German and Greek journals as well as in edited volumes. Her academic interests include the perception of the historical past and classical literature in children’s and young adult books, and the pedagogical and literary treatment of contemporary controversial issues.
Vassiliki Vassiloudi is assistant professor at the Department of Primary Education, University of Crete. She holds an MA (University of Reading, UK) and a PhD in children’s literature (University of Thrace). She has been a fellow of the Onassis Foundation, the State Scholarship Foundation, the International Youth Library (Munich), and the Tsakopoulos Foundation (Sacramento). Her research interests include literature for children and youth, and history of childhood and children. She published the monograph The Child’s Paper (1868-1893). Protestant Idea(l)s for Childhood. Athens: National Hellenic Research Foundation, 2013 and various articles in Greek and international journals.
Katerina Dalakoura, "History Education during the colonels’ dictatorship"
The formation of the social and national consciousness of Greek citizens, according to the “ideals” of the Greek junta, was the main concern of the educational policy of the dictatorship of the colonels. Thus, the 1964 education reform (to the extent that it had been institutionalized) was immediately abolished (Emergency Act 129/1967) with the coup d’état, and education was rapidly organized on new ideological axes and pre-1964 structural and administrative schemes: Govern- ment Gazette 163/1967; 239/1968; 218/1969; 225/1969. The above-mentioned concern is enshrined in the aims of education, as formulated in the respective educational legislation and in the contents of the curricula and timetables, and is highlighted by the density of circulars and “teaching instructions”, which ensure the “faithful” implementation of educational policy and the control of educational/teaching practice. A characteristic feature of the contents of the 1969 explicit curriculum, which eventually was implemented throughout the dictatorship (as the 1973 curriculum was neither ratified nor implemented), is the emphasis placed on the teaching of “social subjects” (History, Geography, Religion, Philosophy); greater than the emphasis on the antiquarian subjects – common to all history curricula up to this period. These subjects take up 20% of the weekly teaching hours in the timetable (antiquarian 15%). In this context, the history subject- perhaps more so than other “social subjects” – becomes of major importance for the regime and its educational (and wider) objectives. This paper will therefore focus on the purposes of the history education during this period, on the selection and extent of the subject’s contents that seem to be of “special interest” to the regime, linking this analysis to the legitimation of the regime in the consciousness of the students and the guidance / control of their social / political collective actions.
Katerina Dalakoura is Associate Professor at the Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences, University of Crete, and Adjunct Academic Staff at the School of Humanities/Postgraduate Course “Public History”, Hellenic Open University (HOU). Her research and teaching relates to Women’s and Gender History (19th and mid-20th centuries), and her specialisms are education, women’s education, women’s print cultures, and feminisms-politics in Ottoman Empire, Balkans and Greece. She has published five books (two co-edited), translated other two (from English into Greek) and published articles in scientific journals and conference proceedings on the topics if her specialisms.
Panel 3
Crete 14.15
Madrid 13.15
Lisbon 12.15
Music in Detention Centers and Censorship during the dictatorship
Chair. Emmanouil Seiragakis
Manolis Seiragakis is Theatre Studies Professor Assistant at the University of Crete. He taught at the Universities of Patras, Peloponnese, Aegean and Crete. He is contributor to The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (Grove Music Online), and the Oxford History of Jazz in Europe (OHJE) as his main research interests focus on issues related to the connection between theatre and music. He has coordinated three conferences: on the Greek Operetta (Thessaloniki, 2011), on incidental music composed for the contemporary staging of ancient drama in Greece (Rethymno, 2012), and on Greek Theatre Revue (Rethymno, 2015). During 2009 his revised thesis was published in a two volume book: Light musical theatre in the Interwar Athens (1922-1940). He is contributor of the edited volume Naomi Matsumoto (ed.), Staging Verdi and Wagner Operas, Brepols (Turnhout, Belgium), 2015 which includes his chapter «Mediterranising the Composer of the North: Richard Wagner, Constantinos Christomanos and the Early Modern Greek Theatre». At the University of Crete he supervises theses on the librettos of Greek and French Operetta during the Interwar period, on Stand-up comedy in Greece, on 20th century theater in Crete, on vanguard Shakespeare staging in Greece, on the theatre in the countries aroused from the former Yugoslavia, on Light Musical theatre during ’40s and on Operetta in Greece 1999-2020. Forthcoming are the Conference Proceedings on theatre Review, an adaptation of Aristophanes’ Frogs, and an essay on Constantinos Christomanos as director of ancient drama. Since 2013 he is co-founder of the Theatre group and the Festival named Antivaro which is been held every Lent in Rethymnon, Crete.
Anna Papaeti, "Sonic Violence and Acoustic Witnessing in the Detention Centres of the Dictator- ship in Greece (1967–1974)"
Carceral sites are forms of institutional of power; they are also sites of struggle(s). In such settings music, sound and silence can transform space and time for detainees either negatively or positively, or both. Tuning into the soundscapes of detention, turning ourselves into ear-witnesses to the extent that we can, allows us to see the workings of carceral power but also the dynamic of the sonic experience. Focusing on the experiences of young political prisoners, this paper investigates the soundscapes of Athens-based detention sites during the military dictatorship in Greece. It explores new, coercive interrogation techniques practiced by the regime, to which sound is integral. At the same time, it discusses the ways in which music and sound be- come the means of acoustic witnessing for political prisoners, reclaiming agency and (political) subjectivity.
Anna Papaeti is Principal Investigator of the ERC Consolidator Grant “Soundscapes of Trauma: Music, Sound, and the Ethics of Witnessing” (MUTE) at the University of Cyprus. She held two Marie Skłodowska Curie Fellowships at the University of Goettingen (FP7, 2011–2014) and at Panteion University, Athens (2017–2019, H2020) respectively. Her research was also supported by DAAD, Onassis Foundation, and the Centre for Research for the Humanities, Athens. She has published widely in collected volumes and journals, and co-edited two special issues on music in detention. She is also a research-based-art practitioner, working in sound and textual forms.
Penelope Petsini, "Censorship mechanism in the dictatorship of the Colonels: Continuities and discontinuities in practices of social surveillance and discipline"
This paper provides a historical overview of censorship based on archival research in the General State Archives of Greece which host the archive of the General Secretariat of Press and Information, a state institution that, up to the Restoration of Democracy, exercised preventive censorship in film, music and theatre. The right of the state to define and control the content of cultural production has been taken for granted since the first half of the 20th century, yet the dictatorship attempted to bring this production under its absolute control, systematizing regulatory censorship and extending the informal one. The Colonels regime thus left an impressive legacy of archival material related to censorship as well as documents of surveillance practices that were occasionally used. The paper documents acts and forms of censorship reconstructing state discourse in arts and contextualizing the state censorship apparatus.
Penelope Petsini is a Doctor of Arts and Humanities. Recent publications include the collective readers Censorship in Greece (2016) and Companion of Censorship in Greece: Weak Democracy, Dictatorship, Metapolitefsi (2018) both co-edited with Dimitris Christopoulos. She is Principal Researcher in the post-doctoral programme «Censorship in Visual Arts and Film» (CIVIL) in the Department of Political Science and History, Panteion University in which she is a lecturer in the MA course “Censorship: Interdisciplinary approaches”.
Lunch
Panel 4
Crete 15.30
Madrid 14.30
Lisbon 13.30
University Institutions and resistance against the dictatorship
Chair. Daphne Nicolitsas
Daphne Nicolitsas is, since Feb 2014, an Assistant Professor at the Department of Economics of the University of Crete. Prior to that she worked in economic policy related jobs and in the financial sector. Her main research interests lie in labour economics and in industrial organization, fields in which she has publications in international journals. Currently, she is co-ordinating an EU-funded project, with partners from top EU Universities, on the structure and conduct of Employers’Associations in the EU.
Vangelis Karamanolakis, Angeliki Christodoulou & Vassilis Gonis, “The University against the antidictatorial student movement. The Disciplinary Board of the University of Athens (1967-1974)”
The paper will offer some preliminary findings of an ongoing research project on the role of the University of Athens Disciplinary Board in the 20th century. Our research draws on the untapped archive of the University of Athens Disciplinary Board and explores the disciplinary policy and practices of the institution towards students in a changing political and social landscape. The focus of this paper will be on changes in the institution’s disciplinary policy under an authoritarian regime such as the seven-year military dictatorship. It will first highlight the effects of the junta’s suffocating control within the institution on the number of cases and nature of student misconduct. Secondly, it will try to point out how the development of the student movement against the dictatorship led to the closer cooperation of the university with the law enforcement authorities.
Vangelis Karamanolakis is an Assosiate Professor in Theory and History of Historiography at the National and Kapodristrian University of Athens (NKUA). He is also President of the Historical Archive (NKUA) and Vice President of the Society’s Board of Directors of the Contemporary Social History Archives. He has published several books and articles about theory of history, Greek historiography, memory studies, history of dictatorship (1967-1974), history of institutions etc. His last book: An Unwanted Past. The Files of Social Convictions and their Destruction in 20th century, Athens 2019 (prized by the Academy of Athens).
Aggeliki Christodoulou is a PhD student at Panteion University, she is working on a thesis about students of the University of Athens at the interwar period. She is also a research associate of the Contemporary Social History Archives. She has published articles on topics related to the history of the interwar period, the student and youth movement in Greece at the 20th Century, female students in higher education, etc.
Vassilis Gonis is a PhD student in modern and contemporary Greek history at the National and Kapodristrian University of Athens, working on a thesis called University and State Authority: The purges of academic staff at the University of Athens in the 20th century. Ηe is collaborating with Angeliki Christodoulou and Vangelis Karamanolakis on the research project “The University as a Punisher: Control mechanisms and discipline practices. The Disciplinary Board of the University of Athens (1911-1974)”, funded the ESPA programme 2014-2020 ,“support for researchers with emphasis on young re-searchers”.
Nikos Papadakis & Stylianos Ioannis Tzagkarakis “Hanging the ax” of discipline. The Higher Education Policy of the April Dictatorship in Greece and Students’ resistance to the Dictatorship”
The proposed paper analyzes the main components, ideological features and practices that constitute the (overall) educational and specifically, the university policy of the April Dictatorship in Greece (1967-1974).
The analysis of the relevant research material shows that this policy was characterized by:
• the intention to redefine the relations of the Universities with the («occupied») State,
• the coordinated effort to insert specific ideological authoritarian interpretations in the Discourses and Policies for Higher Education and consequently, in the reform efforts of the Dictatorship,
• the institutionalization of a new economy of power based on control technologies which favored the formation of (ideologically over-determined) discipline and extended state intervention into every aspect of the Higher Education Institutions,
• the construction of a surveillance, punishment, control and discipline framework, strictly demarcated and authoritarian.
Simultaneously, this policy aimed a) at an extensive criminalization of behavior, as well as of the “non-nationalistic” and ideologically “un-orthodox” thinking in Universities and in other Educational Institutions, b) at the reduction of any degree of teaching staff’s and students’ autonomy, and c) at the promotion of some alleged- ostensible, seemingly «liberal», measures and proposals. The ultimate objective was both these specific measures and the overall (authoritarian) university policy to become feasible (legitimizing- permissible strategy) and subsequently implemented.
In addition, students’ (persistent, influential and multi-level) resistance (at the level of both Discourse and Political Action) to the University «Reforms» attempted by the April Dictatorship, as well as against the Dictatorship per se and subsequently to the State and Constitutional infringement, will be also analytically examined and contextualized.
Nikos Papadakis: Professor and Director of the Centre for Political Research and Documentation (KEPET) at the Department of Political Science of the University of Crete. He is a Distinguished Visiting Professor at the Academy of Globalization and Education Policy (AGEP) of the Zhengzhou University (ZZU), China. Further, he is the Deputy Director of the UCRC, namely the University of Crete Research Center for the Humanities, the Social and Education Sciences, while he is a Member of the Scientific Board of the National Centre of Public Administration and Local Government (EKDDA) of Greece. He has 170 publications, in Greek, English, French and Chinese. He is the author of 11 books- monographs, in Greek and English, while he has edited 10 books.
Dr. Stylianos Ioannis Tzagkarakis is a postdoctoral researcher at the Centre for Political Research and Documentation (KEPET), teaching fellow at the Department of Political Science of the University of Crete, General Secretary of the Hellenic Association of Political Scientists (HAPSc) and member of the ECPR Political Culture Standing Group. He has worked as a key researcher in a significant number of research projects, funded by European and National sources. His research interests focus, inter alia, on issues related to social policy, public policy, social vulnerability, social rights, immigration, and health policies.
Panel 5
Crete 16.15
Madrid 15.15
Lisbon 14.15
The Student Movement against the dictatorship
Chair. Minas Samatas
Μinas Samatas is Professor Emeritus of Sociology, after serving 32 continuous years at the Sociology Department of University of Crete. He holds a PhD in Sociology from the Faculty of Social Science of New School, NY, and also a Jean Monnet Fellowship (1998-2004). He participated actively in two research programs and academic networks. His publications, especially on surveillance in Greece, from anticommunist to the current electronic one, are internationally acclaimed. See: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Minas+Samatas&btnG and https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Minas-Samatas-2
Olympios Dafermos, "The Antidictatorial Student Movement: Physiognomy and effective action"
The anti-dictatorial Student Movement emerged in January 1972, after the dismantling of most of the illegal resistance organizations. Its activities, organization and operation are not similar to those of the resistance organizations. It structures its self-organization from the bottom-up. It operates in a direct democratic manner, visibly and en mass. It is not determined by political centres outside of the student community. It detects its modes of action by surprising the repressive mechanisms, and, at the same time, surprising itself. Within it, and after its inception, left-wing student resistance organizations are created, and are determined more by the movement, which they themselves create, rather than by their political party guidance. The function of its self-organization, whose units function in a coordinating way and not authoritatively, ensures the unity of the movement, its wide expansion and, by extension, its effective action.
Mechanical-Electrical Engineer, NTUA. PhD, Panteion University. Member of the Coordinating Committee of the Polytechnic uprising. He was persecuted by the junta for his resistance activities. He is author of books on the Anti-Dictatorial Student Movement: Students and the Dictatorship 1972-73 (in greek), From Hope to Despair 1973-2013 (in greek), It was all a dream… (with Vangelis Angelis) (in greek), French May and the Anti-Dictatorial Student Movement (in greek).
Anna Madoglou, "The anti-dictatorial activism in Greece The minority of the Polytechneion: Emergence - Conflict - Integration"
On 21 April 1967, the junta imposed itself by force, without obtaining the consent of the Greek people. The Polytechnic uprising of November 1973 was a milestone in the anti-dictatorship struggle, led mainly by young students. The research tests the hypothesis whether the Polytechnic uprising is an act of minority, and whether the participants in the revolt acted as an active minority. Three historical moments are presented: the emergence, the conflict and the integration. The process of emergence of the Polytechnic minority is traced to the post-war expansion of educational mechanisms and the formation of the students as a historical subject (identity). In the conflict phase, the three social opponents are defined: the participants in the revolt/a minority – the military regime/power – the Greek people/population, the stakes of the conflict, the relations established between them and the behaviors that were adopted. Finally, integration is linked to the idea that, when the goals of the minority are fulfilled, the latter transforms into a dominant social group.
Anna Madoglou is a Professor of Social Psychology in the Department of Psychology at Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences. Her research interests focus on the construction of social memory, social oblivion (social representations, social remembrance, social oblivion, nostalgia, cognitive polyphasia, social change), minority groups/identities and their action.
Panayotis G. Kimourtzis, “Student movement, student unrest, student resistance: the Greek 20th century. A discussion with starting point the 21st April 1967 dictatorship”
Students leading role and dynamic involvement, were key factors in putting an end to the April 21st, 1967 dictatorship in Greece. Being a major turn point in modern Greek history, this immediately gave rise to discussions on the role of the so called “student movement” and its relation to political developments through the course of coming years. Under the circumstances, contemporary studies began to unify earlier student activities on the whole. Temporarily, according to the dominant viewpoint, students were attributed a continuous progressive attitude (ideologically and practically).
Today, richer archival records, as well as further elaborated understanding, allows researchers to reconsider this position. Furthermore, international discussions about the interventionist -political and social- character of student action, have emerged.
As from the 1980s and onwards, this shift was supported by the development of the history of universities research field. Greek student activities are considered comparatively, while integrated into the international context. Actually, this is linked to considerations within homocentric circles: protests against university issues, actions for political decisions in democratic regimes, resistance to authoritarian regimes.
This presentation aims to disengage Greek students’ resistance against the April 21st, 1967 dictatorship from other student actions of the past. It also aims at promoting it as a leading action of conscious political intervention, with well-defined orientation, as well as a broad impact. Nonetheless, it associates with similar actions within fascist regimes in other countries (indicatively: Spain, Portugal). Finally, it aspires to disengage from a sterile form of co-examination with other actions which showed a dissimilar structure, as well as scope.
He teaches modern and contemporary Greek History, Comparative History of Education and Education Policies. He has been invited as Maître de conferences at École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales-Paris and as Honorary Senior Research Associate at the Institute of Education – University College London (UCL). He is now President of the Greek Society of Education Historians. He also leads the Historical Archive of the University of the Aegean and the Cine-Science Seminar. He has been honored by the French Ministry of Education with the distinction “Chevalier dans l’ Ordre des Palmes Académiques”.
End of Day 1
Saturday, 20 November 2021
Panel 6
Crete 10.10
Madrid 09.10
Lisbon 08.10
Experiences and Perspectives by and for young people during the dictatorship
Chair. Eleni Fournaraki
Eleni Fournaraki is Associate Professor in Modern Social History, in the Department of Sociology, at the University of Crete. Her main research interests include the following historical fields: gender history; cultural history of education and youth history; gender, class and citizenship; bodily culture and sport. On these historical domains she has published several articles in historical journals and co-edited three collected volumes (one of them in English). Her current writings concern women’s bodily culture as a field involving issues of gender difference, social distinction and nationalism. She makes part of the Group of Editors (since 2009) of Aspasia, The International Yearbook of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern European Women’s and Gender History (New York, Oxford, Berghahn Books).
Kostas Katsapis, "Children and “neglected children” of the Dictatorship. A cultural approach"
The term “Chlidren of Dictatorship” derives from the well-known research of Kostis Kornetis and characterizes the radical youth of the student movement. But we must recognize that these children were not the only children of this difficult era. Alongside of them, thousands of young people had a strong relation with the cultural revolution of the late sixties. In our research, we consider them as the “neglected children of the Dictatorship”. Besides them and if we want to be honest, we must pay attention to the vast majority of the youth during the Regime of the Colonels. Young people without political activity, people who never had an interest about the American underground culture, members of the working class who cared only about their families and their jobs. These are not the neglected children, these are the “bastards” of the academic History, maybe because it is not easy to document their life or to deal with their cultural identities and political impact.
Kostas Katsapis (1973) is a historian and teaches Cultural History of the postwar Greek society and History of the Youth at Panteion University. He also teaches Public History at the Hellenic Open University. Kostas Katsapis is author of five books about the social and cultural history of postwar period, such as his last book: Words of fire. Diaries and radical writing in the dawn of Metapolitefsi. His experimental working project (with the title: Australia: eight stories) focuses on the social history of the Greek immigrants in Sydney during the first postwar decades.
Eleni Kouki, "Lessons from May 1968. The 21st April Dictatorship view on youth uprisings"
The dictatorship of April 21, at least the circles that aspired to shape its ideology, closely followed the events of May 1968 in France. They tried to understand them, based on their own authoritarian and anti-communist perception, and subsequently to use them to their advantage, to design their own domestic policies. In this paper, we will first present the articles of the Free World, the foremost pro-regime newspaper of that period, and we will analyze how the uprising was represented day by day. Next, we present Georgios Georgalas’ book, The Crisis of Consumer Society, published in 1971. In it, Georgalas, who at the time was trying to rise to the top echelons of the dictatorial government, attempts a comprehensive analysis of the ‘decline’ of Western society. According to Geogalas the youth uprisings that had occurred in the previous years were a fundamental symptom of this decline. Accordingly, it proposes solutions for Greece to deal with similar problems. These texts produced by supporters and functionaries of the regime allow us to ask questions about the ideology and the cultural environment of the dictatorship, its strategy in terms of communication both at home and abroad.
Eleni Kouki studied history at the Department of History and Archeology of the School of Philosophy of Ioannina. In her Ph.D., which she completed in 2016 at the Department of History and Archeology of the School of Philosophy of EKPA, she focused on the monuments and ceremonies of the April 21st Dictatorship. Her research interests range from Greek post-WWII history, monuments, and political rituals to memory in general and public history. She has participated as a researcher in various research projects and has published her work in collective volumes and academic journals. She teaches in the postgraduate program of Public History at the Hellenic Open University. She has worked as a journalist for more than a decade specializing in cultural issues.
Eleni Kouki, post-doc researcher, Panteion University, Teaching Fellow at the post-graduate program Public History, Hellenic Open University
Panel 7
Crete 10.45
Madrid 09.45
Lisbon 08.45
Narratives of resistance against the dictatorship
Chair. Hara Kouki
Hara Kouki is an elected assistant professor at the Sociology Dept. of the University of Crete and also lectures at the MA Social Solidarity Economy of the Hellenic Open University. Trained as a historian at the University of Athens, Hara completed her PhD at Birkbeck College (University of London) and has worked as a research fellow at the European University Institute (Florence), at Durham University and at Newcastle University.
Nikos Serdedakis, "Activists’ Autobiographical narratives of dynamic anti-junta resistance"
Most of the research on anti-junta collective action in Greece usually focuses on the major events of protest against the dictatorship and in particular on the anti-dictatorial student movement of the period 1972-1973. Less attention has been given to resistance actions under- taken immediately after the imposition of the military regime. Young activists, radicalized during the contentious events of 1965, immediately after the first wave of arrests and repression, will form organizations, promoting symbolic violence as a means of active resistance to the dictatorship. Initially, I will present data regarding the actions undertaken by the dynamic resistance organizations, throughout 1967-1974. Subsequently, two published autobiographical texts of dynamic resistance activists will be analyzed. The analysis of these autobiographical narratives can help us to shed light on the reasons that led young activists to engage in high risk collective action.
Nikos Serdedakis is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of Crete, Rethymno, Greece. His academic interests and research focus on new social movements, protest events and collective action. The research on the protest events in Greece during the period 2009-2014, which took place under his supervision in the Department of Sociology led to the publication of the collective volume Aspects of the Greek crisis. Contentious cycle of protest and institutional outcomes. Athens: Gutenberg. 2018.
Yiannis Karayiannis, "Politics as resistance, the resistance as politics: (re)constructions of the collective past through individual narratives"
The presentation examines testimonies of individuals who participated in the uprising of the Polytechnic University in November 1973. It analyses the narrative and rhetorical strategies by which these events are (re)constructed and their specific meanings are formed. The study focuses on various meanings of the resistance, as well as on representations of the historical experience that renders the “Polytechnic” a decisive milestone: both individually (formative socialization event) and collectively (a top event of mass political mobilization). Emphasis is placed on storytelling that forms the uniqueness of the Polytechnic” and seeks to protect it from (later) political exploitations (the political situation and developments after the collapse of dictatorship; the armed struggle on behalf of the “Polytechnic”; the political violence; the specific interpretations of the historical events in the uprising of the Polytechnic University, etc).
Yiannis Karayiannis is a Political Scientist and teaches at the Department of Political Science of the University of Crete. His research interests concern the basic fields of contemporary political analysis and include practices of government and power, political discourse analysis, Greek politics, political and party competition in a comparative perspective, the political communication, as well as issues related to political methodology and concepts analysis. He has served as General Secretary in the Hellenic Political Science Association (HPSA), was a member of the Editorial Team of the Greek Political Science Review and has participated in the establishment of the Thematic Network “Political Discourse Analysis”. He recently supervised a research program on the political discourse of the Church of Greece whilst his latest work is a book under publication on populism in Greece.
Break
Panel 8
Crete 11.45
Madrid 10.45
Lisbon 09.45
The Greek political context and the movement against the dictatorship
Chair. Stavroula Tsinorema
Professor of Modern & Contemporary Philosophy and Bioethics, Director of Joint Graduate Programme “Bioethics” and Director of the Centre for Bioethics of the University of Crete. She has acted twice as Head of the Department of Philosophy and Social Studies, as Head of the Division of Philosophy of the same Department, and Director of Studies of Joint Graduate Programme “Philosophy: Science, Values & Society”. She was the founding Director of the Centre for Philosophical Research and Translation of the University of Crete. She holds a First Class Honours Degree in Philosophy from the Department of Philosophy, University of Athens, followed by M.A. in Moral and Social Philosophy from the University of Exeter and Ph.D. in Moral Philosophy from the same University. She has held a Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals Award (UK), Exeter University Scholarship (UK), and A.K. Mellon Foundation Fellowship (USA). Before coming to Crete, she taught at the University of Ioannina, Greece, and University of Exeter, UK. She has held visiting posts/fellowships at the Universities of Leeds, Pittsburgh (Center for Philosophy of Science), Oxford (St. John’s College), Texas at Austin, London School of Economics and Political Sciences (Centre for Philosophy of the Natural and Social Sciences), University of London (Institute of Philosophy Fellowship ), Stanford University.
Seraphim Seferiades, “The Political Context: Contentious Politics and Movement Outcomes in the Greek 60s”
My goal in this –still evolving— research is to employ contemporary Contentious-Politics theory to shed light (highlight, problematize and explicate) features of the Greek 60s: a period extremely rich in causal mechanisms characterizing social protest but also processes pertaining both to democra- tization and its opposite (democratic hollowing). The cognitive orientation, however, is bi-directional: it involves exploring both how theory helps us understand the Greek case, and how the Greek case helps us refine theory. I first examine the ways in which the ‘contentious cycle’ problématique helps us analyze (a) organizations; (b) frames; (c) collective-action repertoires; and (d) contentious diffusion. I then move to an explanatory synthesis relating the contentious cycle to the underlying –and changing— Political Opportunity Structure, and conclude by tentatively generalizing about the relationship existing between contentious mobilization and democratization. Throughout the processes addressed, the role of youth mobilization has been of paramount im- portance. Considering that a good deal of it was what we often call ‘spontaneous’, emphasis is also placed on the importance of strategic action
Seraphim Seferiades (PhD Columbia ‒http://seferiadescv.blogspot.gr) is (elected) Professor of Political Science at the Panteion University of Social and Political Science, Director of the Laboratory on Contentious Politics (https://lcp.panteion.gr/) and Life Member in Politics and History at the University of Cambridge (CLH). For several years the Secretary of the Greek Political Science Association, he has been Senior Member at the University of Oxford (St Peter’s College), Fellow and Tutor in the Arts at the University of Cambridge (CHU), Jean Monnet Fellow at the European University Institute, and Hannah Seeger Davis Fellow at Princeton University. His most recent book is Populism, Democracy, the Left: the Challenge of the Method (Athen: Topos 2021) ‒ https://bit.ly/3DZd3t1.
Giorgos Tsiridis, “The repressive equilibrium in dictatorial Greece: informal broadenings and formal milestones of youth mobilization”
The various manifestations of civil society – illegal movement organizations, legal challengers, informal collectives, and the anti-dictatorial student movement – have emerged and acted at different historical junctures, presenting a diversity in their repertoire of action in correspondence to the regime’s shifting oppression practices. The colonels themselves notedly used the term «liberalization» [fileleftheropeisi] since the beginning of their rule, even before it was established in international literature as a factor of democratization. Their attempt of a controlled political liberalization stimulated the adaptive reflexes of collective challengers, especially within the youth, who swiftly interpreted the partial state disengagement from the public sphere as a political opportunity and adjusted their resistance practices accordingly. This equilibrium between state oppression and youth mobilization eventually led to the Polytechnic student uprising, a major political event of the Greek transitional experience.
Giorgos Tsiridis graduated from the Department of History and Archaeology of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. He continued his studies in Utrecht, The Netherlands in the field of Comparative History, and in 2017 he supported his Doctoral Thesis at the Department of Political Science and Public Administration of the University of Athens. Since May 2020, he is a postdoctoral researcher at the Department of Sociology of the University of Crete. His research focuses on “Political liberalization in the colonels’ dictatorship: political opportunities and institutional traces of collective action”
Efthimios Papavlasopoulos, Thomas Lazaridis & Mania (Maria) Sotiropoulou, “’I swear never to obey to tyrants’. The actions of youth anti-dictatorship organizations abroad and within the country: the cases of EPES (Association des Etudiants Hellenes de Paris) and the PAOS (Panhellenic Anti-Dictatorship Students Organization) ‘Rigas Feraios’”
The attitude of Greek society towards the dictatorial regime is one of the least studied fields of the Third Hellenic Republic. In the “Metapolitefsis” (post-Junta era), in the resistance narrative, Youth was on center stage, especially during the Athens Polytechnic uprising. That describes the «myth» of resistance, on a symbolic level; as it was the beginning of the fall of the military dictatorship. The limited literature and the scattered empirical evidence document two resistance poles: one abroad (mass and dynamic) and one within the country (limited and sporadic). Also, the role of the international personalities and collectives in strengthening the resistance movement
and in the delegitimization of the regime is highlighted. This paper will attempt to illuminate aspects of Youth resistance, by focusing on the first period of the “Junta” (1967-1971); in this period the regime tried to stabilize and legitimize itself. Our aim is to map the communication channels, the coordination forms of the resistance actions of Youth organizations that acted inside the country and abroad and the initiatives they undertook for the internationalization of the “Greek issue”. Based on the research findings, we will evaluate the efficacy, the limits and the contradictions of their actions.
We will examine through the political, ideological, cultural and theoretical context the demands and repertoire of actions of the youth movement in comparison with the pro-dictatorship era. The EPES (Association des Étudiants Hellenes de Paris) and the PAOS (Panhellenic Anti-Dictatorship Students Organization) “Rigas Feraios” are our case studies. Both organizations developed in the early dictatorship era and had remarkable anti-Junta activity and established communication networks. In both cases, the current research is lacking significant empirical evidence of their actions.
Our study was based on the thematic analysis of their publications (magazines,
newspapers etc.) and interviews with their leaders. The findings of the research aim to contribute to understanding the processes of transition from authoritarian regime and the political-institutional arrangements that laid the foundations of the Third Hellenic Republic.
Dr. Efthimis Papavlasopoulos is a assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Crete. He studied Law and Political Sciences at the University of Thessaloniki. He has published on Greek politics and comparative party systems and has taught political science and political sociology in the Law Faculty at the University of Thessaloniki, the Department of Social and Education Policy of the University of the Peloponnese and the Department of Political Science and Public Administration of the University of Athens
Thomas Lazaridis is a PhD Candidate at University of Crete (UoC). His dissertation examines the relation between Right and Far-Right in Greek political system after 1974 (Metapolitefsis). He holds a MA in Political Sociology and Comparative Politics from Panteion University of Athens (2020) and a BA in Political Science from UoC. His current research interests focus on the Far-Right parties and politics and the Greek political and party system.
Mania Sotiropoulou is a PhD candidate in Political Science, University of Crete. She holds a Master’s Degree in Political Science and Sociology, University of Athens and a Master in Research of Political Science, Universitat Pompeu Fabra-Barcelona. She graduated from the Department of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Athens. She has participated in research projects of oral history, recording and study of the political staff in the local government in the 2019 elections, as well as study of the political discourse of the parties for the consumption during the period 2010-2017.
Panel 9
Crete 12.45
Madrid 11.45
Lisbon 10.45
The movement against the dictatorship outside of Greece & the European integration
Chair. Aspasia Chatzidaki
Aspasia Chatzidaki is Professor of ‘Bilingualism and Greek as a second language’ at the Department of Primary Education, University of Crete. Her research interests include the study of sociolinguistic and educational dimensions of bilingualism and teaching approaches to the Greek language as an L2 both in Greece and among Diaspora Greeks. She has published widely on issues of minority language maintenance and inclusive/ empowering approaches to education with regard to bilingual students.
Nikolaos Papadogiannis, “Anti-dictatorial struggle, young and older Greek migrants in West Germany and the Politicisation of Music”
This paper examines the emotional experiences connected with the entehno laiko music composed by Mikis Theodorakis that was immensely popular among a significant proportion of Greek migrants of diverse ages living in West Germany in 1967-1974. Drawing on the conceptual framework put forth by Barbara Rosen- wein, the presentation argues that the performance of those songs was conducive to the making of a (trans)national emotional community. On the one hand, initially for Greek left-wingers and, after 1967, also for Greek centrists, who resided in West Germany, collective singing of music composed by Theodorakis served as a means of ‘overcoming fear’ and forging committed militants who struggled for the social and political trans- formation of their country of origin. On the other, from the late 1960s onwards those migrants increasingly enacted this emotional community with local activists from West Germany as well.
Nikolaos Papadogiannis obtained his PhD in History from the University of Cambridge in 2010. He has subsequently worked at the Humboldt University of Berlin, University of St Andrews and Bangor University. His research interests cover the history of sexuality, gender, youth, travel, migration and protest cultures. His monograph Militant around the Clock? Left-wing Youth Politics, Leisure and Sexuality in post-dictatorship Greece, 1974-1981 was published by Berghahn Books in 2015. He is currently the Principal Investigator in a project on transnational AIDS activism in Western Europe, project which is funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council (UK).
Antonis Sarantidis, “On the threshold of two worlds: Greek students and the anti-dictatorial struggle in Western Europe (1967-1974)”
During 1967-1974, the activism of a significant part of youth in Greece, especially the students, focused on the resistance against the dictatorial regime. Their contribution, despite the lack of freedoms and the brutality of the authorities, was crucial in the development of the anti-dictatorial struggle. But how did the fact of the overthrow of the democracy in Greece affect and set new conditions in the claims of Greek students who at that time were studying abroad? This question is particularly important if we take into account that the «long ‘60s», especially in Western Europe, were characterized by the emergence of new social movements, which were mainly associated with the youth and the student world. The announcement will outline the characteristics of the Greek student movement and the anti-dictatorship struggle as it was formed in Western Europe, focusing on the examples of England, France, West Germany and Italy.
Antonis Sarantidis graduated from the faculty of History/Archaeology of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens in 2014. He received his Master in History (N.K.U.A.) in 2017 with the thesis “The Union of Greek Students in Paris (EPES) during the Greek dictatorship and the journal Poreia (1967-1972)”. He is a PhD candidate in Contemporary Greek History (N.K.U.A.) since 2019. His research interests focus on the Greek student migration in Western Europe during the ‘60s and the anti-dictatorial movement abroad (1967-1974).
Kostas Kanellopoulos, “The process of European integration in Greece and youth activism during and after the military dictatorship of 1967-1974”
In June 1961 the Greek government and the European Economic Community (EEC) signed an Association Agreement. This was the first Association Agreement concluded by the EEC. This Agreement, which was essentially the first step in Greece’s path to the accession to the European Community, «froze» with the imposition of the military dictatorship in Greece (April 1967) and redeveloped after the restoration of democracy (July 1974). Although Greece finally joined the EEC in 1981 the effects of the dictatorship to the country’s integration to European economy were devastating. In this paper we examine how European integration was perceived and dealt by youth activism and the students’ movement during the dictatorship and until the first years of the democratic restoration.
Dr. Kostas Kanellopoulos ((Ph.D. Panteion University 2009) is the Principal Investigator of the research project “EUROPOLITY – The Politicization of European Integration in the Greek public discourse, 1974-2019” at the University of Crete, Department of Sociology (http://europolity.soc.uoc.gr/index.php/en/). He has taught at the University of Crete, the University of Athens, the University of Peloponnese, at Democritus University of Thrace and at the Hellenic Open University. He has served three times as the Secretary General of the Hellenic Political Science Association (2016-today).
Lunch
Roundtable
Crete 14.15
Madrid 13.15
Lisbon 12.15
Youth resisting dictatorship: a comparative view
Co-Chairs. Maria Kousis & Guya Accornero
Maria Kousis (PhD, The University of Michigan, 1984) is Professor of Sociology. She was coordinator or partner in European Commission research projects including “Grassroots Environmental Action”, TEA, PAGANINI and MEDVOICES. Publications consist of 11 edited volumes, books and special issues as well as 68 articles or book chapters, including the two-volume Special Issue of American Behavioral Scientist on Mediterranean Political Processes in Historical-Comparative Perspective (Tilly, C., R. Franzosi and M. Kousis, eds. 2008) and the special section Alternative Forms of Resilience Confronting Crisis in Southern Europe: A Social Movement Perspective, in PArtecipazione e COnflitto (guest editor, 2017). Her research centers on Social Change, Contentious Politics, Environmental Politics, Bioethics, Social Movements in times of Crises and Southern Europe. Her current research focuses on the socio-economic and political dimensions of crises, especially in the context of the GGCRISI (Greek-German Ministries Cooperation), LIVEWHAT (FP7), TransSOL (H2020) and EURYKA (H2020) projects.
Guya Accornero is an Assistant Professor in Political Science at the Lisbon University Institute (ISCTE-IUL) and Integrated Researcher at the Centre for Research and Studies in Sociology (CIES-IUL), where she co-coordinates the Research Group on ‘Politics and Citizenship’ and is an elected member of the Scientific Commission. She is the Principal Investigator of the FCT funded Project ‘HOPES: HOusing PErspectives and Struggles’, and co-chair of the Council of European Studies Research Network Social Movements. She has published articles in journals including Current Sociology, Mobilization, Social Movement Studies, Journal of Contemporary Religion, West European Politics, Estudos Ibero-Americanos, Democratization, Cultures et Conflits, Análise Social, Storia e Problemi Contemporanei, Historein. Her monography ‘The Revolution before the Revolution’ and the book she co-edited with Olivier Fillieule ‘Social Movement Studies in Europe’ were both published in 2016 by Berghahn. She has been teaching courses on social movements, democracy, citizenship, political culture and digital era. Her main research and teaching interests are: political and social mobilization processes, protest and activism’s long term outcomes (both on politics and society, and on activists’ biographies), radicalization and political violence, public order and policing protest, urban movements for the right to housing and to the city, gentrification and urban change.
Roundtable
Priska Daphi is Professor of Conflict Sociology at Bielefeld University, Germany, and co-founder of the Institute for Protest and Social Movements Studies in Berlin. Her research focusses on social movements and civil society in Europe with a particular interest in collective memory, identity, coalition building, transnational activism and space. She is co-editor of Social Movements, Cultural Memory and Digital Media: Mobilising Mediated Remembrance (Palgrave, 2020 – with Samuel Merrill & Emily Keightley) and author of Becoming a Movement. Identity, Narrative and Memory in the European Global Justice Movement (Rowman & Littlefield International, 2017). She is coordinating editor of Social Movement Studies.
Kostis Karpozilos is the director of the Contemporary Social History Archives (ASKI). His current work concerns the transnational worlds of Greek communism focusing on experiences of displacement, exile, and mobility. He is the author of “Red America: Greek Immigrants and the Quest for a New World, 1900-1950” (Crete University Press, 2017/Berghahn Books, forthcoming) and co-author (with Dimitris Christopoulos) of “10+1 questions and answers on the Macedonian Question”, (Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung, 2018).
Dr. Óscar J. Martín García is currently a senior post-doctoral researcher at INGENIO (CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València). His professional career as a social and diplomatic historian began in 2003. Since then, his investigation has focused on three different lines of inquiry on Cold War Spain: social movement studies, international history and public diplomacy.
José Álvaro Machado Pacheco Pereira, GCL is a Portuguese political commentator, historian and politician. He is a member of the center-right Social Democratic Party.
Katrin Uba is Associate Professor in Political Science at Uppsala University, Sweden. Her research focuses mainly on political consequences of collective action, labour movement and political activism of young people. Her recent publications can be found in journals like American Behavioural Scientist, Social Movements Studies, Political Studies, Politics, and Sustainability.